To get the last New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) open hour timestamp in Unix milliseconds, we need to account for the NYSE trading hours and holidays. The NYSE typically operates from 9:30 AM to 4:00 PM Eastern Time (ET) Monday through Friday, but it's also closed on certain holidays. Here's a Python function that calculates the last NYSE open hour timestamp in Unix milliseconds: /// python from datetime import datetime, timedelta import pytz import holidays def get_last_nyse_open_hour_timestamp(): # Define the NYSE timezone eastern = pytz.timezone('US/Eastern') # Get the current date and time in NYSE timezone now = datetime.now(eastern) # Define NYSE trading hours market_open_hour = 9 market_open_minute = 30 market_close_hour = 16 market_close_minute = 0 # Fetch US holidays us_holidays = holidays.US() # Adjust the current time if the market is closed while True: if now.weekday() >= 5 or now.date() in us_holidays: # NYSE is closed on weekends and certain holidays now -= timedelta(days=1) now = now.replace(hour=market_close_hour - 1, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0) elif now.time() < datetime.time(now.replace(hour=market_open_hour, minute=market_open_minute, second=0)) or now.time() > datetime.time(now.replace(hour=market_close_hour, minute=market_close_minute, second=0)): now = now.replace(hour=market_close_hour - 1, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0) else: break # Convert the datetime back to Unix milliseconds unix_timestamp = int(now.timestamp() * 1000) return unix_timestamp # Example usage print(get_last_nyse_open_hour_timestamp()) /// **Explanation:** 1. **Timezone Handling**: We use `pytz` to handle timezone conversion to Eastern Time. 2. **Trading Hours**: Define standard trading hours, keeping in mind holidays and weekends. 3. **Holidays**: Use the `holidays` library to check if today is a US holiday when the market is closed. 4. **Timestamp Calculation**: Adjust the datetime object as necessary, then convert it back to Unix milliseconds. **Dependencies**: - You’ll need to install the `pytz` and `holidays` libraries: /// shell pip install pytz holidays /// This function ensures that you always get the last NYSE open hour timestamp considering weekends, holidays, and trading hours.
You can use the `requests` library in Python to get the file size from any URL. Below is a function which does this: /// python import requests def get_file_size(url): response = requests.head(url) # Only get headers, not content file_size = int(response.headers.get('content-length', -1)) # Get file size from headers if file_size == -1: return 'Could not get the file size.' else: return file_size /// This function performs a `HEAD` request to the URL, which retrieves metadata about the file without actually downloading the file content. It then retrieves the `Content-Length` header field, which indicates the file size in bytes. Please note that not all servers provide the `Content-Length` header. In such cases, you will not be able to determine the file size using this method. You can call the function as follows: /// python print(get_file_size('https://www.example.com/path/to/file')) /// This will print out the size of the file in bytes. If the `Content-Length` header is not available, it will print `Could not get the file size.`